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Las erupciones volcánicas también influyen positivamente en la Tierra: ¿cómo lo hacen?

Las cenizas expulsadas durante las erupciones volcánicas tienen un impacto significativo en la composición de las nubes.

Las erupciones volcánicas tienen un efecto más que evidente sobre la Tierra, pero su influencia no se limita a las secuelas más evidentes para nosotros (por lo general destructivas), sino que también se hace sentir en la atmósfera. La razón de ello es que las cenizas y el polvo volcánico que se liberan hacia el cielo pueden generar aerosoles allí donde normalmente se forman nubes, con las consecuencias que ello conlleva.

Las nubes desempeñan una función crucial en la regulación del clima y el equilibrio energético del planeta, puesto que, además de cubrir alrededor del 70 % de la superficie en cualquier momento, pueden reflejar la luz solar y absorber el calor. Por eso es importante que finalmente los científicos hayan entendido el gran impacto que tienen los aerosoles en la composición de las nubes, algo que hasta ahora había permanecido como un misterio.

¿Cómo influyen las erupciones volcánicas?

Una nueva investigación dirigida por científicos del Laboratorio Nacional Lawrence Livermore, de EE.UU., demostró que las partículas de ceniza volcánica pueden causar la aparición de cirros, un tipo de nubes altas y tenues compuestas principalmente de hielo.

Tras analizar los datos de las misiones CloudSat y CALIPSO de la NASA, descubrieron que las erupciones volcánicas ricas en ceniza provocaron una mayor frecuencia de cirros. También se observó que este elemento hacía que estas nubes albergaran menos cristales de hielo, aunque de mayor tamaño. Este fenómeno, en cambio, no se detectó en erupciones con poca ceniza.

Nucleación del hielo: el responsable

Inicialmente, los investigadores teorizaron que la erupción desencadenaría una nucleación homogénea, en la que el hielo se forma sin necesidad de una superficie para adherirse. No obstante, descubrieron que las erupciones ricas en ceniza causan una reacción opuesta, denominada nucleación heterogénea.

Luego de una explosión volcánica, las gotas de agua se adhieren en la superficie de los aerosoles de ceniza antes de que se enfríen lo suficiente como para congelarse. Las nubes que experimentan nucleación heterogénea reflejan menos radiación solar, pero también permiten que más radiación de la Tierra escape al espacio.

"Nuestros hallazgos amplían la comprensión de las interacciones entre aerosoles y nubes de hielo y arrojan luz sobre la geoingeniería de los cirros", indicaron los especialistas en un artículo publicado en la revista Science Advances.

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